What is a possible consequence of failure to replace an IV bag when empty?

The potential consequences of failing to replace an IV bag when it is empty can lead to serious complications, making the answer "All of the above" appropriate.

If an IV bag is not replaced when it is empty, one immediate concern is dehydration or fluid overload. The patient may experience dehydration due to a lack of fluids when the IV is the primary source of hydration. Conversely, if the IV line remains open and fluid is not replaced, there might also be a risk of fluid overload if additional fluids are administered too rapidly or in excess.

Additionally, the risk of catheter-related infections increases due to the stagnation of any potential contaminants in the catheter or IV site, especially if the line is left open or if blood backs up into the tube when there is no fluid to keep it flushed.

Another significant risk associated with not replacing an empty IV bag is the risk of air embolism. If the IV line is not properly primed or if there is no fluid to prevent air from entering the system, the introduction of air can lead to an air embolism, which is a medical emergency.

These various risks underline the critical importance of regularly monitoring IV infusions and ensuring that bags are changed appropriately to maintain patient safety and effective treatment.